Chemistry is often referred to as the "central science" because it plays a fundamental and unifying role in the natural sciences. It serves as a bridge between physics and biology.

Environment refers to the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. It encompasses both natural and human-m...

Acetaldehyde is a colorless, flammable liquid with a pungent, fruity odor. It is the simplest aldehyde, and is an important intermediate in the pro...

Acetylsalicylic acid, also known as aspirin, is a widely used medication that has been used for over a century for its pain-relieving, anti-inflamm...

Acids and bases are two fundamental concepts in chemistry. They play a vital role in various chemical reactions and processes. Understanding the pr...

An acid chloride is a functional group in organic chemistry with the general formula RCOCl. It consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a chlor...

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a simple polyol compound. It is a viscous, colorless, odorless, and sweet-tasting liquid that is widely used i...

A Grignard reagent, also known as an organomagnesium halide, is a chemical compound with the general formula RMgX, where R is an organic group and ...

Halogens are a group of elements in the periodic table that are known for their high reactivity and toxicity. They are located in Group 17 (also kn...

The haloform reaction is a chemical reaction in which a methyl ketone or aldehyde is converted into a haloform (a compound with the formula CHX3) and a carboxylate ion. This reaction is important in organic synthesis.

The Heck reaction is a palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction that involves the coupling of an aryl or vinyl halide with an alkene...

Helium is a chemical element with the symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable, non-toxic, inert gas that heads th...

Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation states that the total enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the pathway taken. In other w...

Histidine is an essential amino acid that is found in many foods, including meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, and legumes. It is also available ...

The Hofmann bromamide reaction is a chemical reaction that converts a primary amide into an amine. The reaction is initiated by the addition of bro...

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have similar chemical properties and structures. The members of a homologous series differ...

Hund's rule is a chemical rule that states that the lowest energy configuration for a set of electrons in an atom or molecule is the one in which t...

The Hunsdiecker reaction is a chemical reaction used to convert a carboxylic acid into an alkyl halide. It involves the reaction of a silver salt o...

The hydroboration oxidation reaction is a two-step process that converts an alkene into an alcohol. The first step is the hydroboration, in which t...

Hydroxide is a polyatomic anion with the chemical formula OH-. It consists of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom with a negative charge. Hydroxide compounds are important in many chemical processes.

The ideal gas equation is a fundamental equation in thermodynamics that describes the behavior of gases under various conditions. It establishes a ...

Interstitial compounds are a class of materials that are formed by the insertion of atoms or molecules into the interstitial sites of a crystal lat...

Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. It is the heaviest stable halogen and is essential for life. Iodine is found i...

Isopropyl alcohol, also known as rubbing alcohol or 2-propanol, is a colorless, flammable liquid with a strong odor. It is a common household produ...

Lactic acid, also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is a colorless, water-soluble organic compound with the chemical formula CH3CHOHCOOH. It is naturally produced in muscles during exercise.

Complete guide to leaching including types, heap leaching, in-situ leaching, applications, factors affecting leaching for NEET chemistry

A Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons, while a Lewis base is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons. This concep...

The Lindlar catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst used in organic chemistry for the selective hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes. It is composed of...

Liquids are one of the three fundamental states of matter, characterized by their fluidity and ability to flow. They exhibit distinct properties th...

Lithium (Li) is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive and flammable. Lith...

Litmus paper is a type of indicator used to test the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is made from a special type of paper that has been tre...

Livermorium (Lv) is a synthetic chemical element with the atomic number 116. It is a radioactive element that belongs to the group of superheavy el...

Lutetium is a chemical element with the symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is the last element in the lanthanide series and is therefore considered...

The magnetic quantum number (ml) describes the orientation of an atomic orbital in space. It is the third of the four quantum numbers used to descr...

The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that occurs when food is heated. It is responsible for the bro...

Maltose, also known as malt sugar, is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules joined by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond. It is a white, crystall...

Mannitol is a sugar alcohol that is found naturally in some fruits and vegetables, such as celery, mushrooms, and asparagus. It is also produced co...

Markovnikov's rule is an empirical observation in organic chemistry that states that when an unsymmetrical alkene reacts with an electrophile, the ...

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, is a chemical compound with the formula CH3OH. It is a colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor and various industrial applications.

Methylene blue is a thiazine dye with the chemical formula C16H18ClN3S. It has a variety of uses in different fields, including medicine, biology, and chemistry.

Milk of Magnesia, also known as magnesium hydroxide, is a common over-the-counter medication used to treat a variety of conditions, including const...

Molality (m) is a measure of concentration that expresses the amount of solute in a given mass of solvent. It is defined as the number of moles of ...

Molar conductance is a measure of the ability of a solution to conduct electricity. It is defined as the conductance of a solution containing one m...

A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react in stoichiometric amounts to form a salt and water. The reaction...

Nickel sulfate is a chemical compound with the formula NiSO₄. It is the most common nickel compound and is used in electroplating, as a source of n...

Nihonium (Nh) is a chemical element with the atomic number 113. It is a synthetic element, first synthesized in 2004 at the RIKEN Nishina Center fo...

The ninhydrin test is a chemical test used to detect the presence of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. It is based on the reaction of these comp...

Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, is a colorless, non-flammable gas with a slightly sweet odor. It is used as an anesthetic, pain reli...

A nuclear reaction is a process in which the nucleus of an atom changes. This can occur through a variety of processes, including:

The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This means that t...

Molecules are the basic unit of matter and the defining structure of elements and compounds. They are made up of atoms, which are the smallest unit...

Chemical explosives are substances that undergo a rapid chemical reaction, releasing large amounts of heat and gas. This process, known as detonati...

Soaps are cleaning agents that are typically used for washing and cleaning. They are made from fats and oils that have been reacted with an alkali,...

Glass is a hard, brittle, and transparent material made from the fusion of silica and other ingredients such as soda ash and lime. It is typically ...

Drugs and medicines are substances that are used to treat, prevent, or diagnose diseases. They can be natural or synthetic, and they can be taken i...

Food additives are substances added to food to improve or maintain its quality, safety, or nutritional value. They are used to preserve food, enhan...

Paints are liquids, typically applied to a surface, that dry to form a solid film. They are used to protect, color, or decorate a wide variety of s...

The Perkin reaction is an organic reaction used to synthesize cinnamic acids and their derivatives. It involves the condensation of an aromatic ald...

Phenols are a class of organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring. They are weak acids, meaning that they can donate protons in solution.

Phenols are a class of organic compounds that consist of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring. They are characterized by their distinctive properties and various industrial applications.

Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4. It is a weak acid that is used as an indicator in acid-base titrations. Phenolphthalein changes color from colorless to pink in basic solutions.

Phosphoric acid is a weak inorganic acid with the chemical formula H3PO4. It is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is soluble in water and has various industrial applications.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibers for clothing, containers for liquid...

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. They are the primary components of plastics, fibers, and rubbe...

Potassium acetate is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in water. It is a potassium salt of acetic acid. Potassium acetate is used in a va...

Potassium hydroxide, also known as lye, is a highly caustic, white, solid inorganic compound with the formula KOH. It is a potent base that has various industrial applications.

Potassium nitrate, also known as saltpeter, is a chemical compound with the formula KNO3. It is an ionic salt composed of potassium ions and nitrate ions with various industrial applications.

Complete guide to precipitation reactions including types, properties, applications, double-replacement reactions for NEET chemistry

Alcohols are a class of organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group bonded to a carbon atom. They are versatile compounds with various preparation methods and industrial applications.

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic number, electron configurations, and recur...

A proton is a subatomic particle that is a fundamental building block of matter. It is classified as a baryon, which is a type of hadron, and is fo...

Quantum numbers are a set of four numbers that describe the state of an electron in an atom. They are:

Radioactive elements are elements that have unstable atomic nuclei and emit radiation in order to achieve stability. This radiation can be in the f...

The reaction rate is a measure of how fast a chemical reaction occurs. It is defined as the change in concentration of reactants or products over t...

The reactivity series, also known as the activity series, is a list of metals arranged in order of their reactivity. The more reactive a metal is, ...

Carbonyl compounds are a class of organic compounds that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O). They are one of the most important functional g...

Complete guide to redox titration including types, principles, indicators, permanganate titration, applications for NEET chemistry

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction. Catalysts are often used in indust...

Refining is the process of purifying a metal by removing impurities. It is usually done by heating the metal to a high temperature and then adding ...

Centrifugation is a laboratory technique that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution. It is commonly used in biological and che...

The Reformatsky reaction is an organic reaction used to synthesize β-hydroxy esters from an aldehyde or ketone and an α-haloester in the presence o...

Reversible changes are changes that can be undone. For example, if you melt a piece of chocolate, you can solidify it again by cooling it down.

Complete guide to chemical equations including balancing, stoichiometry, conservation of mass, reaction types, writing equations for NEET chemistry

S-block elements are the elements in the periodic table that belong to Group 1 (alkali metals) and Group 2 (alkaline earth metals). These elements ...

A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, called reactants, are transformed into one or more different substances, called p...

Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is found naturally in the bark of willow trees. It is a common ingredient in skincare products, wh...

Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It is a halogen, and is the second lightest halogen after fluorine. Chlorin...

Saponification is the process of converting fats and oils into soap and glycerol. It is a chemical reaction that occurs when a fat or oil is heated...

Chloroacetic acid is a colorless, corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. It is a strong acid and can cause severe burns to the skin and eyes. Chloro...

A Schiff base, also known as an imine, is a functional group that contains a carbon-nitrogen double bond with the general structure R₂C=...

Chromic acid, also known as chromium trioxide, is a bright red, crystalline compound with the chemical formula CrO3. It is a strong oxidizing agent with various industrial applications.

The Schotten-Baumann reaction is a classic organic reaction for the synthesis of amides from an amine and an acyl chloride. It is named after the G...

Chromium (Cr) is a transition metal in Group 6 of the periodic table with the atomic number 24. Its electronic configuration plays a crucial role i...

A second-order reaction is a chemical reaction in which the rate of the reaction is proportional to the square of the concentration of one or more ...

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that occurs naturally in citrus fruits. It is a white, crystalline powder with a sour taste. Citric acid is used...

Sedimentation is the process by which sediment is deposited out of suspension in water or air. It is a major geological process that shapes the Ear...

Colloids are mixtures in which one substance is dispersed throughout another in the form of very fine particles. The dispersed phase is usually a s...

Most of the time the substances that we see around us are not in their pure form. They are basically a mixture of two or more substances. Interesti...

A combustion reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the burning of a fuel with oxygen to produce heat and light. The fuel can be a solid, li...

Sieving is a method used to separate particles of different sizes. It is a mechanical process that involves passing a mixture of particles through ...

Condensation is the process in which water vapor in the air turns into liquid water. This happens when the air is cooled to the point where it can ...

The Corey-House reaction is an organic reaction used to synthesize alkenes from alkyl halides and carbonyl compounds. It is a two-step process that...

A coupling reaction is a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules are joined together to form a new molecule. The term "coupling" is used because the molecules are linked or coupled together.

Slaked lime, also known as calcium hydroxide, is a white, powdery substance that is produced by the reaction of quicklime (calcium oxide) with wate...

In organic chemistry, a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN1) is a reaction in which a nucleophile attacks an electrophile, resulti...

Crystallization is the process by which a solid forms from a liquid or gas. It is a natural process that occurs when the temperature of a liquid or...

A nucleophilic substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which a nucleophile (a species that donates an electron pair) replaces a leaving gro...

Sodium acetate is a chemical compound made up of sodium (Na), oxygen (O), carbon (C), and hydrogen (H) atoms. It acts as the sodium salt of acetic ...

D-block elements are the elements in the periodic table that belong to Groups 3 to 12. These elements are characterized by the presence of one or m...

Sodium citrate is a white, crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water. It is a sodium salt of citric acid, which is a weak organic acid fou...

Dalton's law of partial pressure states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in t...

Decantation is a process of separating a liquid from a solid by pouring the liquid off, leaving the solid behind. It is a simple and effective tech...

A decarboxylation reaction is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group (-COOH) from an organic compound, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide. This reaction is important in many organic synthesis processes.

Complete guide to decomposition reactions including types, thermal decomposition, photodecomposition, electrolytic decomposition, applications for NEET chemistry

Crystals are highly ordered structures, but they can contain defects that disrupt the regular arrangement of atoms or molecules. These defects can ...

The degrees of freedom of a particle are the ways in which it can move. For example, a particle in a one-dimensional space has one degree of freedo...

The density of a unit cell is defined as the mass of the unit cell divided by its volume. It is typically expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (...

Destructive distillation is a chemical process that involves heating a substance in the absence of air (oxygen) to produce various products. This p...

The diazotization reaction is a chemical reaction that converts a primary aromatic amine into a diazonium salt. This reaction is typically carried ...

The Diels-Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a dienophile, resulting in the formation of a cyclic compound. It is...

A dilute acid is an acid that has been mixed with water. The concentration of the acid in a dilute acid solution is lower than the concentration of...

An electric dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges in a system. It is a vector quantity, and its ...

A displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound. The element that is replaced is called ...

Complete guide to distillation including types, simple distillation, fractional distillation, applications, process for NEET chemistry

Electrode potential is a measure of the tendency of an electrode to undergo oxidation or reduction. It is expressed in volts (V) and is measured re...

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions.

Sodium sulfate is a chemical compound with the formula Na2SO4. It is a white, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and has various industrial applications.

Sodium thiosulfate is a chemical compound with the formula Na2S2O3. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and has various applications in photography and medicine.

Complete guide to chemistry solutions including solute, solvent, concentration, molarity, types of solutions, and properties for NEET chemistry

Specific conductance is a measure of the ability of water to conduct electricity. It is expressed in units of microsiemens per centimeter (µS/cm). ...

The standard electrode potential is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to undergo oxidation or reduction. It is defined as the potenti...

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)16COOH. It is a white, waxy solid at room temperature and is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Sublimation is the process in which a solid directly changes into a gas without passing through the liquid phase. This process occurs when the temp...

A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which one functional group in a molecule is replaced by another functional group. Substitution re...

Sulfuric acid, also known as oil of vitriol, is a highly corrosive, mineral acid. It is one of the most important industrial chemicals, with a wide...

The Suzuki coupling reaction is a palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction between an organoborane and an organic halide. It is a ve...

Tannic acid, also known as tannin, is a type of polyphenol that is found in many plants, including grapes, tea leaves, and oak bark. It is a natura...

Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is a nonmetallic element that belongs to Group 14 on the periodic table. Car...

Solids are classified into various categories based on their structural and bonding characteristics. Here are some common classifications of solids:

The Ullmann reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize biaryls, which are compounds containing two aromatic rings connected by a carbon-car...

A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit of a crystal lattice. It is a three-dimensional parallelepiped that contains all the information necessa...

Uranium is a radioactive metal that is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors. It is the heaviest naturally occurring element, and it is also the most ...

Volumetric analysis, also known as titrimetry, is a quantitative chemical analysis method that uses the measurement of the volume of a solution of ...

The Wittig reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize alkenes and other carbon-carbon double bonds. It involves the reaction of a phosphoru...

The Wurtz Fittig reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize symmetrical and unsymmetrical biaryls (compounds containing two aromatic rings)...

The Wurtz reaction is a chemical reaction in which two alkyl halides are coupled to form a new alkane. The reaction is named after the French chemi...

Complete guide to zero order reactions including rate law, kinetics, concentration, reaction mechanisms, examples for NEET chemistry

The Ziegler Natta catalyst is a type of coordination catalyst used in the polymerization of olefins. It is named after the two chemists who develop...

Zinc sulfate is a white, crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water. It is a source of the mineral zinc, which is essential for human healt...

Surface chemistry is the study of the chemical and physical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, typically a solid and a gas or liq...

Intermolecular forces are the forces that act between molecules. They are responsible for the physical properties of substances, such as their boil...

Acid rain is a type of precipitation that contains high levels of nitric and sulfuric acids. It is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitr...

Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. This process creates a film of the ads...

Alcohols are a class of organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom. They are often referred to as "drinking alcohol" and have various industrial applications.

The carbonyl functional group is one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. It consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an...

The Aldol condensation is a chemical reaction in which two carbonyl compounds react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone, also known as a...

Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons, meaning that they have ...

Alkynes are a class of hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons, meaning that they have ...

Aluminium hydroxide, also known as hydrated alumina, is a chemical compound with the formula Al(OH)3. It is a white, gelatinous solid that is insoluble in water and amphoteric in nature.

Aluminum is a lightweight, silvery-white metal that is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It is highly malleable and ductile, making it ...

Amines are organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom bonded to at least one alkyl or aryl group. They are classified as primary, secondary, or...

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. They are the basic units of protein and are essent...

Ammonium chloride, also known as sal ammoniac, is a white, crystalline solid with the chemical formula NH4Cl. It is a common nitrogen fertilizer and has various industrial applications.

Ammonium nitrate is a white, crystalline solid with the chemical formula NH₄NO₃. It is highly soluble in water and has a slightly sweet taste. Ammo...

The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used to predict the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. It is...

Argon is a chemical element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is the third most abundant...

Aromaticity is a chemical property that describes the stability and special characteristics of certain cyclic compounds. Aromatic compounds are cha...

The Arrhenius equation is a mathematical equation that describes the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the temperature at wh...

Aryl halides are organic compounds that contain a halogen atom (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) bonded to an aromatic ring. The nomenclatur...

Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, a...

Aspartic acid is an amino acid that is found in many proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the body can produce it on its own. H...

Barium sulfate is a white, odorless, tasteless, inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4. It is commonly known as blanc fixe and has various medical and industrial applications.

Benzene hexachloride (BHC), also known as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), is a colorless, crystalline solid with a musty odor. It is a chlorinated hyd...

Benzene is a highly stable aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C6H6. It is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet, pungent odor and undergoes various electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

Benzoic acid is a colorless, crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5COOH. It is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid and has various industrial applications.

Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the chemical formula C6H5CH2OH. It is a colorless liquid with a mild, sweet odor and has various industrial applications.

Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. It is a metalloid in the boron group. Boron is a hard, brittle, crystalline soli...

Boyle's Law, also known as the Boyle-Mariotte Law, describes the inversely proportional relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas when ...

A Bravais lattice is a regular arrangement of points in three-dimensional space. It is named after the French physicist Auguste Bravais, who first ...

Bromothymol blue is a chemical compound that is used as a pH indicator. It is a weak acid that changes color depending on the pH of the solution it...

The brown ring test is a qualitative chemical test used to detect the presence of nitrate ions (NO₃^-) in a solution. The test...

Calcium carbide, also known as calcium acetylide, is a chemical compound with the formula CaC₂. It is a hard, brittle, grayish-black sol...

Calcium phosphate is a mineral that is found naturally in the body. It is the main component of bones and teeth, and it also plays a role in muscle...

Calcium sulfate, also known as gypsum, is a naturally occurring mineral composed of calcium, sulfur, and oxygen. It is a soft, white or colorless m...

The Cannizzaro reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the disproportionation of an aldehyde in the presence of a strong base, such as potass...

Carbon compounds are chemical compounds that contain carbon atoms. They are the most abundant and diverse group of chemical compounds, and they pla...

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a greenhouse gas essential for plant photosynthesis.

Carbon disulfide is a colorless, flammable liquid with a pungent, unpleasant odor. It is a volatile organic compound (VOC) and is considered a haza...

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas that is produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels. It is a major air pollutant and has various industrial applications.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylindrical nanostructures made of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. They have unique properties that make ...

Carbonic acid is a weak, unstable acid that forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. It is a diprotic acid, meaning that it can donate two pro...

The carbylamine reaction is a chemical reaction of a primary amine, chloroform, and a strong base to form a carbylamine (or isocyanide).

Dehydration of alcohol refers to the chemical process of removing a molecule of water from an alcohol molecule to produce an alkene. This process t...

The electronic configuration of an element describes the arrangement of its electrons in various energy levels and orbitals. The first 30 elements ...

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule. It is a measure of how strongly the electrons are held to ...

Newland's Law of Octaves and Dobereiner's Triads are two early attempts at classifying chemical elements based on their properties.

The Aldol condensation is a versatile carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction in organic chemistry. It involves the condensation of an enolate with a c...

The Cannizzaro reaction is a chemical reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone is disproportionated into an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The react...

The Friedel-Crafts reaction is a versatile method for the alkylation and acylation of aromatic compounds. It involves the reaction of an aromatic r...

The Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction is a classic organic reaction for the synthesis of α-halogenated ketones from carboxylic acids. The mechanism in...

The Hoffmann bromamide reaction is a chemical reaction that converts an amide into an amine. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic substitution ...

Ozonolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the cleavage of carbon-carbon double or triple bonds by ozone (O3). It is a versatile and widely us...

The Perkin reaction is an organic reaction used to synthesize cinnamic acids and their derivatives. It involves the condensation of an aromatic ald...

Master balancing chemical equations with step-by-step methods, traditional and algebraic approaches, practice problems, and tips for NEET chemistry

Quantum numbers are a set of four numbers that describe the state of an electron in an atom. They are:

The Aufbau Principle, also known as the building-up principle, describes the order in which electrons fill atomic orbitals as the atomic number inc...

A formula is a mathematical expression that represents a relationship between two or more variables. It can be used to calculate the value of one v...

Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume when temperature and amount of gas remain constant. In simple...

Kohlrausch's law states that the limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is the sum of the limiting molar conductivities of its constituent i...

Complete guide to laws of chemical combination including conservation of mass, definite proportions, multiple proportions for NEET chemistry

Markovnikov's rule is an empirical observation in organic chemistry that states that when an unsymmetrical alkene reacts with an electrophile, the ...

Complete guide to acids, bases, and salts including pH scale, neutralization reactions, properties, examples, and applications for NEET chemistry

Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are all organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O). Aldehydes have the carbonyl group at the en...

Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the qualitative and quantitative determination of the composition of matter. It is ...

Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. It involves understanding the structure and function of mo...

Biomolecules are the organic molecules that are essential for life. They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates ...

Carbon is a versatile element that forms the backbone of all organic molecules. It has the unique ability to form covalent bonds with itself and ot...

Chemical and physical changes are two fundamental types of transformations that matter can undergo. Chemical changes involve the alteration of the ...

Complete guide to chemical equilibrium including Le Chatelier's principle, factors affecting equilibrium, temperature, pressure, concentration for NEET chemistry

Chemical formulas are a concise way of representing the composition of a compound. They use symbols to represent the elements present in the compou...

Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates of chemical reactions. It is a branch of physical chemistry that deals with the rates of chemical react...

Comprehensive guide to chemical reactions including types, mechanisms, equations, and real-world applications for NEET chemistry preparation

Chemistry plays a crucial role in our daily lives, affecting various aspects of our existence. From the moment we wake up, we encounter chemistry i...

Combustion is a chemical reaction that involves the burning of a fuel with oxygen to produce heat and light. There are three main types of combustion:

NEET preparation guide for differences & comparisons articles in chemistry with comprehensive coverage of key concepts

Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical processes and interactions that occur in the natural environment. It encompasses the study of ...

Haloalkanes and haloarenes are organic compounds that contain halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) bonded to carbon atoms. They a...

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up about 92% of all atoms. It is the lightest and most basic element, with an atomic ...

P-block elements are those elements that belong to groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table. They are also known as representative elements. These ele...

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. Matter can exist in three states: ...

Name reactions are chemical reactions that are named after the scientist who first discovered or developed them. They are typically used to describ...

Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the physical and chemical properties of matter and the changes that occur in matter. It is...

Synthetic fibres are man-made fibres created from chemical compounds, while natural fibres are derived from plants, animals, or minerals. Synthetic...

The Diels-Alder reaction is a powerful and versatile carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction in organic chemistry. It involves the cycloaddition of a c...

Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when the volume remains constant. In simpler terms, ...

The Law of Constant Proportions, also known as the Law of Definite Proportions, states that a chemical compound always contains the same elements i...

The law of mass action states that the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants. This mean...